Spondylosis is a general term for degenerative conditions that affect the disks, vertebrae, and joints in the back. Back pain is a common symptom.
Spondylosis is a common age-related condition that affects 90% of people over 60 years. It is more common in people with physical jobs, athletes, and people who smoke.
Many people do not realize they have spondylosis as they do not have symptoms. Other people develop pain in the back and neck that can affect their quality of life.
This article discusses the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of spondylosis.
Spondylosis refers to age-related degeneration of the spine. This condition affects various components of the spine, including:
vertebrae, or the bones of the spine
intervertebral disks, or the cushions between vertebrae
ligaments
muscles
As people age, the disks that sit between the vertebrae of the spine become dehydrated and weak. This can cause the spine to compress, and the disks may crack, causing them to herniate. This is a herniated or “slipped disk“. The cartilage in the spine’s joints may also wear out, causing bone spurs.
When spondylosis affects the upper spine and neck, it is called cervical spondylosis. When the lower spine, or lumbar spine, is affected, it is lumbar spondylosis.
Learn about the anatomy of the spine.

Which conditions does spondylosis include?
Spondylosis is an umbrella term that encompasses the following:
spinal stenosis
degenerative spondylolisthesis
osteoarthritis
usual wear and tear on the disks, vertebrae, and joints
injuries
If spondylosis specifically affects the joints, it is called facet syndrome or facet arthropathy.
Risk factors of back spondylosis
People may have a higher risk of spondylosis if they have any of these risk factors:
ages 60 years or over
osteoarthritis
neck or back injury
history of playing physically demanding sports
a physically demanding job that strains the back
previous spinal surgery
obesity
smoking
lack of physical activity
What are the symptoms of spondylosis?
Many people with spondylosis do not experience symptoms, but common symptoms include:
lower back pain
reduced flexibility and range of motion in the neck and back
crepitus, which is clicking sounds from the spine
pain radiating to the arms or legs, which happens when there is pressure on nerves near the spine
numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs, feet, or hands
muscle spasms
headaches
in severe cases, bladder and bowel incontinence — this may be a medical emergency if it occurs suddenly

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